Long-form

Analysis

Substantial analyses that don’t fit a single evidence-issue card. Each one is summarised in our own voice and links back to the original source material.

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Notes analysis

The so-called confessions — the Post-it notes in full context

A full-context reading of the handwritten notes. The prosecution highlighted three phrases; the same pieces of paper contain contradictory lines the jury were not invited to weigh equally.

Procedure

The CCRC referral pathway

What section 13 of the Criminal Appeal Act actually requires before the Commission can refer a case back, why “real possibility” is a lower bar than “innocent”, what the Donna Anthony referral shows about how that bar is applied, and where the Letby review currently stands.

Expert evidence

Dr Dewi Evans

A careful reading of what the Crown’s lead expert has and has not said about the mechanism of death in three of the indicted cases. The distinction between a changed mechanism and a changed conclusion is the whole of the argument, and it is routinely collapsed in both directions.

Investigations

Operation Duet vs Operation Hummingbird

Two Cheshire Police investigations into the same hospital, frequently conflated in reporting. Hummingbird produced the prosecution; Duet is looking at the institutional response, including the April 2026 perverting-the-course-of-justice arrest. Different subjects, different powers, different possible outcomes.

Comparative

The Daniela Poggiali parallel

An Italian nurse convicted on pattern evidence and toxicology, then acquitted when both were re-examined. The closest continental analogue to the shift-chart reasoning used here — and a reminder that the pattern was the case, not corroboration of it.

Media

BBC Panorama needle-injection claims

A line-by-line reading of the documentary’s injection-mechanism claims against independent clinical opinion. Several are stated as established fact on screen while resting on inference the trial evidence does not support.

Statistical

The off-shift collapses

The shift chart mapped 25 events against the roster and showed Letby present at all of them. What it did not show is the collapses on shifts she was not working — the denominator that turns the pattern into an artefact of how the events were chosen.

Scientific record

Post-trial scientific consensus

A structured map of everything the scientific record has produced since conviction, across neonatology, clinical biochemistry and statistical methodology — starting from the February 2025 Shoo Lee Panel baseline and tracking what has since been peer-reviewed rather than merely asserted.

Inquiry

Thirlwall Inquiry final report

What the Inquiry can and cannot say when its final report lands, now expected no earlier than September 2026. Its remit is governance, escalation and institutional response — not whether the convictions are safe, which is a distinction the report itself will not resolve.

Comparative

Wrongful-conviction comparables

Five cases that share a structural cluster: unsupervised access to a vulnerable population, a prosecution anchored in expert evidence about cause of death, statistics used as proof of intent, and post-conviction re-evaluation reaching a different conclusion. Not a claim that any outcome follows.

Parliament

Parliamentary debates 2025–2026

Every Commons debate touching the case, checked against Hansard — from the 2024 point of order to the July 2026 exchange in which the Government declined to widen the Thirlwall terms of reference, and stated plainly that the Inquiry is not there to rehearse the trial.

Radiology

Necrotising enterocolitis vs deliberate-air injection

Hepatic portal venous gas was read by the Crown's lead expert as consistent with deliberately injected air. It is also the classic sign of necrotising enterocolitis, and post-mortem gas redistribution can produce it without either — which is why the imaging cannot carry the weight placed on it.

Medical

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Babies A and B were monochorionic twins. TTTS and the placental pathology that goes with it give a coherent natural-cause framework for both deteriorations — and it is the framework the trial had almost no obstetric evidence to test.

Medical

Late-onset sepsis

Late-onset group B strep sepsis is the differential of first choice for sudden unexpected deterioration in a preterm infant — and it routinely escapes microbiological confirmation, so its absence from the notes is not its absence from the ward.

Medical

Coagulopathy and DIC as Natural-Cause Differential

Disseminated intravascular coagulation and the coagulopathy of prematurity account for the haemorrhage features in several of the indicted cases without requiring anyone to have caused them.

Mechanism

NG tube physiology

The prosecution's nasogastric-tube air-injection mechanism has to survive contact with how a neonatal gut actually behaves. Independent paediatric gastroenterology says it does not.

Statistical

Poisson Cluster Analysis

A rare-event Poisson treatment of the Countess of Chester death cluster — the standard tool for asking whether a run of events is remarkable at all before asking who was present for it.

Legal

Retrial Eligibility

What section 76 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 actually permits, applied to the counts on which the jury could not agree. The framework is narrower than the public discussion of it.

Investigative

PEACE-model interview standards

The PEACE model is the standard English police interviews are meant to meet. Where the Letby interviews departed from it, the departure bears on how much weight the interview evidence can carry.

Institutional

The Datix record deep-dive

The Countess of Chester's own 2015-16 incident log: sewage, plumbing failures, staffing gaps and broken equipment. A record of the unit's condition that the jury never saw in full.

Journalism

Paul Hughes and the John Gibbs interview

The Cheshire Standard reporter who obtained on-the-record consultant statements that complicate the prosecution narrative — local journalism producing material the national coverage did not.

Operation Duet

23 April 2026

What is publicly known about the re-arrest of a senior former Countess of Chester leader on suspicion of perverting the course of justice, and where it sits inside Operation Duet.

Inquests

Six-baby inquests relisted to 2027

The 13 May 2026 relisting, the coroner's reasoning, and what it does to the 2026 timetable — the inquests were the one formal process expected to report before the Inquiry.

Inquiry

Thirlwall Inquiry

Every slipped publication date, from the Inquiry's establishment to the 13 May 2026 confirmation that its report will not appear before Parliament's summer recess. The pattern is the point.

Public commentary

Rob Rinder

Rob Rinder — the criminal barrister on the case

A practising criminal barrister's sustained public position that there is 'a great deal to be concerned about' in the safety of the convictions, and why this carries weight beyond general commentary.

Investigative

A superbug, doctor shortages, and a unit out of its depth

The Guardian's September 2024 investigation into the systemic failings at the Countess of Chester neonatal unit during 2015–16: superbug outbreak, chronic doctor shortages, and a Level 2 unit caring for babies whose acuity exceeded its design.

Personal analysis

Sarah Hawkins

Open letter from a twin mother

A long-form reflection by Sarah Hawkins, whose own family has experience of twin-pregnancy complications, on what the indicted babies' antenatal histories actually show and why obstetric experts were largely absent from the trial.

Obstetric analysis

Sarah Hawkins · Prof. Richard Gill

Triplets to singletons — the care-pathway question

A forensic re-examination of how high-risk twin and triplet pregnancies were routed between Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester in 2014-16, with attention to the specific conditions (SGA, TTTS, APS) affecting the indicted babies.

Legal history

The Sally Clark parallel — what we should have learned

Sally Clark was wrongly convicted in 1999 on statistical and pathology evidence that was later discredited. Her 2003 acquittal drove the Royal Statistical Society's published framework on statistical evidence in criminal trials. Was that framework applied in the Letby case?

Comparative case

The Lucia de Berk parallel — same shape, same pitfalls

The Dutch paediatric nurse acquitted by the Supreme Court in 2010 after Prof. Richard Gill's statistical critique. The Letby case replicates the de Berk structure in near every procedural detail.

Medical evidence

The air embolism claim — line by line against the 1989 paper

A side-by-side of what Lee & Tanswell (1989) actually described as diagnostic of neonatal air embolism, and what the prosecution described at trial as diagnostic. The two descriptions diverge on the single most important feature: specificity.

Institutional record

How the 2016 RCPCH review became the Trust's alternative to calling the police

Documentary reconstruction of how the 2016 Invited Service Review came to be commissioned, and why its authors told the Thirlwall Inquiry it was never designed to investigate individual deaths.

Public understanding

Reporting restrictions and the shape of public understanding

Reporting restrictions during the trials served a legitimate fair-trial purpose; they also shaped what the UK public could read during critical windows. The Rachel Aviv New Yorker geo-block is the case study.

Investigation scope

The Beverley Allitt framing effect

Operation Hummingbird was framed from its May 2017 opening by explicit analogy to the Beverley Allitt case. A suspect-first rather than cluster-first investigation has structural consequences for how every subsequent piece of evidence is read.

Miscarriage framework

Miscarriage-of-justice framework

The Post Office Horizon parallel

The structural features of a mass miscarriage of justice — institutional-evidence asymmetry, individualised framing, expert deference, public-credibility gap, long tail of correction — are recognisable in the Letby case.

Digital evidence

The Facebook searches in full context

The prosecution showed a curated subset of Letby's Facebook searches for families of babies on her unit. In the context of tens of thousands of searches over years, the subset is a selection effect — the same pattern as the shift-rota chart.

Medical evidence

Resuscitation trauma vs deliberate harm

Post-mortem liver findings on Children O and P interpreted at trial as deliberately inflicted impact are, on independent paediatric-pathology review, consistent with vigorous neonatal resuscitation in a term triplet — a well-documented pattern.

Institutional record

The apology-letter sequence — HR used against the whistleblowers

Between autumn 2016 and spring 2017 the Trust ran a formal HR grievance process against the consultants who had asked for police involvement. Consultants were required to apologise to Letby for raising patient-safety concerns.

Medical evidence

The Child K ET-tube incident in detail

The single retrial-conviction hinged on Dr Jayaram's eyewitness account of a dislodged endotracheal tube. Independent neonatologists say spontaneous ET-tube dislodgement is a common, expected emergency at 25 weeks' gestation.

Documentary record

The Datix record — the hospital's own incident log

Datix is the NHS incident-reporting system. The Countess of Chester's 2015–16 Datix record, partially examined at the Thirlwall Inquiry, documents a unit functioning at the limits of its operational envelope — context the jury was not systematically walked through.

Obstetric evidence

Twins and multiples — a structurally higher-risk cohort

A disproportionate share of the Letby indictment involves twins and triplets. Multiple-pregnancy cohorts carry substantially higher baseline risk. The Crown's 'rise in deaths' framing does not survive a baseline-adjusted reading.

Statistics

'She was there at every collapse' — the base-rate problem

The prosecution's most emotionally compelling claim is also the one that collapses most completely under a proper base-rate analysis. This page walks through the maths step by step.

State of the evidence

The post-conviction evidence arc

The body of independent expert evidence now before the CCRC is materially different from the body of evidence before the original jury. This page tracks what has changed between August 2023 and the CCRC application.

Medical evidence

The NG-tube air-injection mechanism

The Crown's 'air in stomach' theory required deliberate injection via nasogastric tube. NG-tube anatomy, NICU monitoring context, and the NEC differential together show the mechanism does not survive a technical review.

Per-case review

Child C — a specific-case deep-dive

Child C was an extremely preterm infant who died on 14 June 2015. The Panel reads the clinical record as consistent with the natural trajectory of an extremely preterm infant with identifiable complications.

Documentary evidence

The handover sheets — why Lucy kept them

The prosecution presented Lucy Letby's keeping of hundreds of nursing handover sheets at home as evidence of fixation. It is also exactly what UK NHS confidentiality training told nurses to do: do not throw them in ordinary ward bins.

Investigation scope

Operation Hummingbird — the scope decisions

The specific scoping decisions Cheshire Police made in May 2017 — adoption of the suspect-first frame, early instruction of Dr Dewi Evans, non-instruction of systems-failure experts — determined what the subsequent investigation could find.

Digital evidence

The 'evidence of preparation' argument

The Crown's 'preparation' theme — medical searches, clinical-education access, record-keeping — is, on close reading, exactly what the NMC revalidation framework requires of any UK nurse taking her professional responsibilities seriously.

Per-case review

Baby E — a specific-case deep-dive

Baby E was a preterm twin who died on 4 August 2015. Independent specialists read the case as consistent with natural pathology including thrombosis — a leading cause of sudden collapse in preterm infants with central lines — and with natural upper-GI bleeding from stress ulceration or coagulopathy.

Per-case review

Baby I — a specific-case deep-dive

Baby I experienced repeated collapses over weeks before her death in October 2015. The Crown argued this was pattern evidence of repeated deliberate acts. Independent specialists read the same trajectory as consistent with evolving necrotising enterocolitis — a natural disease process that produces exactly this pattern.

Per-case review

Babies O and P — a unified deep-dive

Two of three term triplet brothers who died within 24 hours of each other in June 2016. A unified reading combining obstetric, pathology and neonatology perspectives — including the structurally higher risk of triplet pregnancies and the resuscitation-associated liver injury pattern — reaches a different conclusion than the trial did.

Psychology

'Why would an innocent person write I did this?'

The most emotionally compelling piece of the Crown's case was a Post-it note reading 'I am evil I did this'. To clinical psychologists who work with accused clinicians, it is a recognisable pattern of private self-blame under sustained institutional accusation — not a forensic confession.

Institutional record

The CQC 2016 inspection — what the regulator found (and didn't)

The Care Quality Commission inspected the Countess of Chester in 2016. Its report identified service-level concerns but did not investigate individual deaths — because that is not within its remit. A structural gap in NHS oversight that the Trust used as rhetorical cover to avoid escalating to police.

Per-case review

Baby D — the sepsis death attributed to air embolism

Baby D was a term infant who died on 22 June 2015 with overwhelming perinatal sepsis. The Panel reads the case as one in which the sepsis itself fully accounts for death — without any deliberate act being required. One of the clearest cases where natural cause was sufficient and the Crown's additional hypothesis was unsupported.

Per-case review

Baby G — the extreme-preterm at the edge of viability

Baby G was born at approximately 23 weeks — the edge of neonatal viability. Feed intolerance, aspiration events and collapses at guideline-maximum feed volumes are the norm at this gestation. The Crown's deliberate-overfeeding theory does not require an explanation that gut immaturity does not already supply.

Procedural record

The police interviews — three arrests, consistent denials, no confession

Lucy Letby was interviewed under caution by Cheshire Police on three occasions between 2018 and 2020. Across all three, she consistently denied the allegations, offered clinical explanations for each count, and made no admissions. The absence of any interview admission is material evidence.

Trial process

Mr Justice Goss's summing-up — the directions the jury were given

A judicial summing-up is the last sustained exposition the jury hears before deliberation. The directions given on expert evidence, on the shift-rota chart, and on the notes materially shaped how the 2023 jury weighed the case. Whether the directions were adequate on current standards is a specific CCRC question.

Sentencing law

The whole-life order — why the sentence severity raises the stakes

Lucy Letby is one of only four women in UK history to receive a whole-life order. Three of the other four were convicted on direct forensic evidence. Her case rests on circumstantial evidence substantially contested by international expert review. That asymmetry itself warrants review.

Procedural mechanics

If the CCRC refers — what happens next?

What a Court of Appeal hearing following a CCRC referral would actually look like: the procedural mechanics, the evidential burden, the range of possible outcomes, and realistic timescales from CCRC filing to Court of Appeal judgment.

Per-case review

Baby A — the first indicted death and the case's anchor

Baby A was a triplet twin who died on 8 June 2015. Because the Crown's pattern argument rests on the first death being deliberate, what the jury accepted on Baby A determined what they could accept about everything else. Independent specialists read the case as the natural trajectory of an unstable preterm twin.

Per-case review

Baby F — the insulin count step by step

Baby F survived. The insulin count against him is the only count with a concrete laboratory measurement. This page walks through the reasoning step by step: Roche Cobas is a screening test, mass spectrometry was never done, sample handling was clinical not forensic, and the number itself is physiologically implausible.

Per-case review

Baby N — the haemophilia-carrier case the jury could not agree on

Baby N was a late-preterm haemophilia carrier. The jury did not convict. Independent specialists read the case as consistent with bleeding and circulatory instability attributable to the underlying bleeding disorder — a natural cause the Crown's theory did not adequately exclude.

NHS structure

Doctor–nurse power dynamics — why consultant belief is not neutral evidence

The Crown treated consultant belief as near-independent corroboration of guilt. In a doctor–nurse hierarchy, consultant belief once formed is not independent — it is the thing that produces the subsequent evidence. This page examines the circularity.

Professional literature

What international neonatology journals have said

Since the Panel report, peer-reviewed neonatology journals have published editorial commentary, correspondence, and institutional statements heavily supportive of the Panel's methodology. No peer-reviewed post-Panel work has emerged defending the Crown's methodology. A layer of response UK press coverage has rarely engaged with.

Per-case review

Baby B — the surviving twin who collapsed the following night

Baby B was Baby A's twin sister. She collapsed the following night and was successfully resuscitated. Independent specialists read the case as consistent with the known elevated risk profile of a surviving twin after a sibling's death — a recognised obstetric pattern.

Per-case review

Baby H — the case the jury would not convict on

Baby H survived. The jury returned not guilty on one count and could not reach a verdict on the other. On the indictment's own pattern logic, the failure to convict on Baby H undermines the pattern's internal coherence.

Per-case review

Baby J — the case the jury could not agree on

Baby J survived. The Crown prosecuted on an unspecified-act theory. The jury could not reach a verdict. Another of the failed-verdict cases where the pattern argument did not carry.

Per-case review

Baby M — the preterm twin convicted on attempted murder

Baby M was a preterm twin who survived. The Crown prosecuted on an air-embolism attempted-murder theory. Independent specialists read the case as consistent with the known instability of a preterm twin on a struggling Level 2 unit.

Per-case review

Baby Q — the surviving third triplet

Baby Q was the third triplet brother. Baby O and Baby P died in rapid succession; Baby Q survived. The jury could not reach a verdict. Baby Q's survival, and the jury's non-verdict, together undermine the Crown's triplet-pattern argument.

Comparative data

Mortality-rate comparison — what a properly-baselined reading shows

The Crown presented the 2015–2016 mortality increase as anomalous. Properly baselined against national UK NICU data, against the unit's actual acuity mix, and against the outbreak/staffing/infrastructure conditions, the increase is within the range of expected variation for a struggling Level 2 unit.

Institutional precedent

The Morecambe Bay parallel — the closest UK neonatal-cluster precedent

Dr Bill Kirkup's 2015 report on Furness General Hospital is the canonical UK framework for how NHS neonatal clusters are properly investigated. The Countess of Chester institutional record maps onto the Kirkup template — but resolved into criminal conviction rather than systemic reform.

NHS framework

The Francis framework — NHS whistleblowing and the Countess of Chester

Sir Robert Francis KC's 2013 Mid Staffordshire report established the canonical UK framework for NHS whistleblowing. Helene Donnelly OBE told the Thirlwall Inquiry the Countess of Chester institutional response is a textbook post-Francis-failure case.

Legal precedent

The Angela Cannings parallel — the Court of Appeal's own principle

The 2003 Cannings judgment articulated: where a conviction depends on medical expert evidence, and reputable medical experts disagree, the conviction is unsafe. The post-Panel Letby record is precisely that state. On the Cannings principle, the convictions are unsafe.

Base-rate analysis

Air embolism base rate — how often deliberate neonatal air embolism actually occurs

Deliberate neonatal air embolism as a method of homicide is extraordinarily rare in the international medical-legal literature. A cluster of seven fatal acts plus several attempts in eighteen months has no international precedent. The Crown's case therefore has to overcome a large base-rate deficit.

Forensic standards

The forensic-pathology standard — what a proper investigation would have looked like

A suspected-crime neonatal cluster should have been processed under forensic-pathology standards. Post-mortem imaging, histology, toxicology, retained exhibits, chain of custody — none systematically applied. By the time Operation Hummingbird opened in May 2017, the forensic steps were no longer possible.

Institutional communications

The Trust's post-conviction messaging vs its Inquiry evidence

The public messaging from Countess of Chester executives after the 2023 convictions, compared to what they then said at the Thirlwall Inquiry, is a specific documentary record. The public message and the Inquiry testimony do not always agree.

Legal precedent

The Donna Anthony parallel — the CCRC-referral precedent

Donna Anthony was acquitted in April 2005 after a CCRC referral — the same statutory route the October 2025 Letby application is taking. The direct procedural precedent for a post-Meadow framework-shift acquittal.

Organised-defence template

The Bates organisational template — how mass miscarriages get corrected

Sir Alan Bates's founding of the Justice for Subpostmasters Alliance is the canonical UK template for how an organised response to a mass miscarriage eventually succeeds. The Letby defence effort is building the same template in real time.

Prosecutorial decisions

The charges that were dropped — what the CPS did not put to the jury

The CPS amended the November 2020 charges before trial; not all originally-charged counts were put to the jury. Combined with the acquittals and no-verdict outcomes, roughly 30% of the Crown's originally-charged position was filtered out before the conviction set.

Investigative methodology

'Suspect-first' vs 'cluster-first' investigation — the scoping choice

A criminal investigation of an NHS cluster can be scoped two ways: start from a suspect (suspect-first) or start from the cases (cluster-first). Operation Hummingbird went suspect-first. The Shoo Lee Panel is effectively the cluster-first retrospective the investigation did not conduct.

Inquiry-CCRC relationship

Why the Thirlwall Inquiry matters — even though it isn't re-trying the case

Lady Justice Thirlwall's Inquiry will not re-examine the criminal verdicts. But its documentary record, executive testimony, and systemic findings are load-bearing for the CCRC review of the convictions. This page explains how.

Comparative cases

International comparators — overturned medical-cluster convictions

The Letby case is not the first of its kind. Lucia de Berk (Netherlands), Susan Nelles (Canada), Daniela Poggiali (Italy), Colin Norris (UK) — each a medical-cluster case where expert-disagreement review did not sustain the original conviction.

Statistical framework

The Bayesian framework — posterior probability does not meet threshold

A formal Bayesian analysis combines prior probability, likelihood of evidence under each hypothesis, and produces posterior probability of guilt. Prof. Norman Fenton's sustained analysis produces a posterior that does not meet the criminal-law threshold.

Legal framework

Circumstantial evidence — the Pollock test applied to Letby

UK circumstantial-evidence law requires circumstances to be consistent only with guilt and inconsistent with any other reasonable explanation. On the current evidence — Panel, Joint Insulin Report, statistical critiques — reasonable alternatives exist for every strand. The test is not satisfied.

Coronial framework

The coroner's role — the forensic gateway that was not engaged

Unexpected hospital deaths are coronial matters. The coroner has statutory powers to order forensic post-mortem and chain-of-custody investigation. In the Countess of Chester case, the coronial process was not engaged at the forensic level. The evidence gap cannot now be filled.

Clinical guidance

RCPCH guidance evolution — 2015–2026

UK neonatology clinical standards have evolved since 2015–2016. Level 2/3 designation, differential-diagnosis expectations, expert-instruction standards, cluster-response guidance — each has moved. Applied under current standards, the Crown's expert methodology would not be commissioned.

Expert methodology

The Shoo Lee Panel methodology — how the review actually works

Fourteen specialists, blinded case assignment, structured differential diagnosis, cross-specialist collation. The Panel methodology is the modern-standards version of what the trial should have had.

Peer-reviewed literature

The insulin-assay peer-reviewed literature since 2023

Post-2023 peer-reviewed clinical-biochemistry literature establishes: immunoassays are screening tests; false-positive rates are non-trivial; sample-handling is load-bearing; C-peptide dissociation is non-specific. The Royal Liverpool laboratory's own 2012 protocol acknowledges it cannot diagnose exogenous insulin.

EBM framework

Evidence-based medicine

The EBM framework — Crown's methodology does not meet standards

Applied to the Letby trial evidence, the EBM framework identifies four specific failures: retrospective pattern-matching, absence of control, hypothesis-first reasoning, non-peer-reviewed methodology. Heneghan (Oxford CEBM) and Goldacre (Bad Science) concur.

Bad Science framework

Evidence-based medicine

The Bad Science framework applied

Goldacre's seven warning signs for unreliable medical claims — retrospective pattern-matching, absence of control, hypothesis-first reasoning, non-peer-reviewed methodology, narrative heaviness, confident inference from weak evidence, selective reporting — each present in the Crown's Letby evidence.

Memory science

Memory and testimony

The seven-year-delay problem

Witnesses at the 2022–2023 trial gave testimony on events six to eight years old. Memory science establishes substantial reliability limits on long-delay testimony. Contemporaneous records (Datix, clinical notes) are more reliable.

Procedural framework

What a retrial would require

A retrial would face the Panel, the Joint Insulin Report, the statistical-expert consensus, the clinical-psychology reports, and the Thirlwall Inquiry record. On the Horizon parallel, retrials on this kind of evidential base are typically not ordered.

Procedural distinction

Why the appeal was refused in 2024 and why the CCRC route is different

The May 2024 Court of Appeal refusal decided the specific grounds on the evidence then available. The CCRC route under section 13 addresses new evidence. The Donna Anthony precedent (2005) establishes a first-appeal dismissal does not foreclose CCRC referral.

Public-recognition arc

Public-recognition dynamics

The public-recognition arc — how opinion has moved

From settled-verdict (August 2023) through specialist critique, mainstream inflection, establishment engagement, mass-expert accumulation, and cross-platform broadsheet coverage. What remains is the mass-public-recognition cultural-event trigger — the equivalent of Mr Bates vs The Post Office.

All analyses (94)

The complete index, including pieces not featured above.